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The world has become more advanced in communication, especially after the invention of the internet. A key issue facing today's society is the increase in cybercrime or e-crimes (electronic crimes), another term for cybercrime. Thus, e-crimes pose threats to nations, organizations, and individuals across the globe. It has become widespread in many parts of the world, and millions of people are victims of e-crimes. Given the serious nature of e-crimes, its global nature, and implications, it is clear that there is a crucial need for a common understanding of such criminal activity internationally to deal with it effectively. This chapter covers the definitions, types, and intrusions of e-crimes. It has also focused on the laws against e-crimes in different countries. Cybersecurity and searching methods to get secured are also part of the study.

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The paper should be cited as:

Alansari, M. M., Aljazzaf, Z. M., & Sarfraz, M. (2019). On Cyber Crimes and Cyber Security.

In M. Sarfraz (Ed.), Developments in Information Security and Cybernetic Wars, pp. 1-41. IGI

Global, Hershey, PA, USA. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8304-2.ch001.

On Cyber Crimes and Cyber Security

Mariam M. H. Alansari, Zainab Aljazzaf, Muhammad Sarfraz

Department of Information Science

College of Computing Sciences and Engineering

P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait University, Kuwait

Abstract

The world has become more advanced in communication, especially after the invention of

the Internet. A key issue facing today's society is the increase in cybercrime or e-crimes

(electronic crimes), another term for cybercrime. Thus, e-crimes pose threats to nations,

organizations and individuals across the globe. It has become widespread in many parts of

the world and millions of people are victims of e-crimes. Given the serious nature of e-

crimes, its global nature and implications, it is clear that there is a crucial need for a

common understanding of such criminal activity internationally to deal with it effectively.

This research covers the definitions, types, and intrusions of e-crimes. It ha s also focused on

the laws against e-crimes in different countries. Cybersecurity and searching methods to get

secured are also part of the study.

Keywords: Cybercrime, e-crime, cyber security, computers, internet, social media, cyber laws

1. Introduction

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the internet

protocol suite to link billions of devices worldwide. Today, the Internet is one of the most

important parts in daily life. The information technology revolution has brought two main

functions with internet. On one hand it has contributed positive values to the world. While,

on the other hand, it has produced many problems that threaten the order of the society and

also produce a new wave of crime in the world.

The internet is used for different purposes depending on user requirements such as

communication, research, education, financial transactions, threading, etc. The internet has

become an environment, where the most lucrative and safest crimes are conducted. This

research focuses on cybercrime or e-crimes (electronic crimes), another term for cybercrime. It

refers to criminal activity that involves the internet, a computer or other electronic devices

(Alex Roney Mathew, Aayad Al Hajj, and Khalil Al Ruqeishi, 2010).

E-crimes are increasing in frequency and causing extensive damage to governments,

companies, society, and individual (Broadhurst R. & Grabosky P., 2005). Moreover, cyber

criminals are motivated in various ways, including (but not limited to) financial gains,

emotional instability, societal norms, and lack of legislation and punishment.

There are different names of e-crimes such as: the high-tech crimes, white collar crimes,

and cybercrimes (Majid, 2012). Every year there is an increase of e-crimes due to the

development of information technology and software changes (Rekouche, 2011). Thus, e-

crimes have become very common and spread via various methods including malicious

programs, which specially prepared to break through personal computers (PCs) or enterprise

systems for copying confidential information or destroying systems. The most famous of

these methods are Hacking, Phishing, Spamming, Cyber stalking, Cyber defamation, Cyber

terrorism, and Malware (Bruce S. Schaeffer, Henfree Chan, Henry Chan, and Susan

Ogulnick, 2009) (Bhanu Sahu, Neeraj Sahu, Swatantra Kumar Sahu, and Priya Sahu, 2013).

Consequently, the first step to secure the information and deny access to anyone is security

programs. So many people and organizations have security programs to protect their software

from the hackers (Bruce S. Schaeffer, Henfree Chan, Henry Chan, and Susan Ogulnick,

2009). Besides, many countries trying to enforce e-crime laws pose danger to the society

and the individuals. This is because of the spread and development of information

technology and the ease acquisition of electronic appliances.

The purpose of this study is to have an overall survey concerning cybercrimes, social media,

cyberlaws and cyber security. It will also look at the e-crimes factors and the influence of factors

that make e-crimes spreading in society. Specifically, it examines the following points:

• Researching and reviewing the most common types of e-crimes.

• Study the existing literatures on the factors influencing e-crime.

• Finding out the concerns of the society in using the Internet.

• Identify the factors influencing e-crime in the Society. Especially, influence of

demography and technology over different types of e-crimes.

• Measurement and analysis of perceptions, experiences, and attitudes toward e-crimes.

• Determining the relationship between social media and e-crimes.

• Recommend the measures to reduce the e-crime by the policy makers and awareness

programs so that cyber security is made certain.

The rest of the ch apter is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the detailed study on

cybercrimes. Section 3 highlights some of the common e-crime methods. Section 4 elaborates

the factors of committing e-crimes. Cybercrimes in various countries are explored in Section 5.

Section 6 discusses social media, cybercrimes and cyber laws. A survey of influencing factors

towards e-crimes is given in Section 7. The issue of cyber security is considered in Section 8

whereas Section 9 concludes the chapter.

2. Cyber Crimes

As mentioned in Section 1, the purpose of this chapter is to determine e-crimes factors and

examine the influence of the factors that make e-crimes spreading in society. Specifically,

it examines the following: researching and reviewing the most common types of e-crimes,

study the existing literatures on the factors influencing e-crime, finding out the concerns of

the Kuwait society in using the Internet, identify the factors influencing e-crime in Kuwait

Society. Especially, Influence of demography and technology over different types of e-crimes,

determining the measurement and analysis of perceptions, experiences, and attitudes toward

e- crimes, determining the relationship between social media and e-crimes, finally,

recommend the measures to reduce the e-crime by the policy makers and awareness

programs.

For the purposes of this research, this chapter is arranged in the following manner: the impact

of e-crimes, classifications of e-crimes, then review the beginning and the growth of e-crimes.

Methods of e-crimes will then be reviewed, which will be followed by factors of e-crimes,

protection and preservation of data, e-crimes in various countries, e-crimes in Kuwait. Finally,

related work.

2.1 What is Cybercrime or e-crime?

Cybercrime or e-crimes are offenses that are committed against individuals or groups with a

criminal motive of intentionally harming the reputation of the victim, causing physical or

mental harm, and cause loss of money or information directly or indirectly by using the

Internet and electronic devices (Johnson, 2013), (Broadhurst R. & Grabosky P., 2005),

(Alex Roney Mathew, Aayad Al Hajj, and Khalil Al Ruqeishi, 2010).

2.1.1 Impact of e-crimes

E-crimes affect the community in many ways. This includes (Amber Stabek, Paul Watters,

and Robert Layton , 2010) (Bhanu Sahu, Neeraj Sahu, Swatantra Kumar Sahu, and Priya Sahu,

2013) (Balkhi, 2013) (Brokenshire, 2013):

• Loss of online business and consumer confidence in the digital economy,

• The potential for critical infrastructure to be compromised affecting water supply,

health services, national communications, energy distribution, financial services, and

transport,

• Loss of personal financial resources and the subsequent emotional damage.

• Loss of business assets,

• Costs to government agencies and businesses in re -establishing credit histories,

accounts and identities,

• Costs to businesses in improving cyber security measures,

• Stimulating other criminal activity, or

• Costs in time and resources for law enforcement agencies.

2.1.2 Classifications of e-crimes

• Computer crime: Using of direct electronic operation that can attack security to obtain

data and information illegally (Kumar, 2009).

• High-tech crime: A broad range of criminal activities that penetrate computers,

illegally in violation of country laws, or federal laws. These crimes are done by

hacking, money laundering, malware, harassment, electronic, and identity theft

(Broadhurst R. & Grabosky P., 2005).

• White-collar crime: A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social

status in the course of his occupation to obtain money. The famous persons who

were convicted of white-collar are Kenneth Lay, Bernard Madoff, and Bernard Embers.

(Majid, 2012) (Rubino, 2014).

• Cybercrime: It is a criminal activity that is done by using computers and the internet

including anything from illegal downloading of music files and games to stealing

millions of dollars from online accounts (Gorazd Mesko, and Igor Bernik, 2011).

Also non-monetary offenses, such as creating and distributing viruses on other

computers or posting confidential business information on internet through music

and game files. (Schaeff B, Chan H., and Ogulnick S., 2009).

• Cyber terrorism: Premeditated and politically motivated attack against information,

computer systems, computer programs, and data, which results in violence against

civilian targets (Brokenshire, 2013). Possible cyber terrorism targets include the

banking industry, military installations, power plants, air traffic control centers

(Dogrul M.,Aslan A.&Celik E., 2011).

2.2 Beginning and growth of e-crimes

This section indicates several general trends, since 1960s, about how e-crimes began and

grew. The summary is as follows:

• In the early decades of modern information technology (IT), computer crimes were

largely committed by unsatisfied individuals and dishonest employees.

• Physical damage to computer systems was a prominent threat until the 1980s

(Sterling, 1992).

• Criminals often used authorized access to subvert security systems as they modified

data for financial gain or destroyed data for revenge (Louw C. , Von Solms S. , 2014).

• Early attacks on telecommunications systems in the 1960s led to sabotage of the long

distance phone systems for amusement and for theft of services (Kabay, 2008).

• As telecommunications technology spread throughout the IT world, people with

criminal tendencies learned to penetrate systems and networks for amusement

(Kenefick, 2008).

• Programmers in the 1980s began writing malicious software, including self-

replicating programs, to interfere with personal computers (Kabay, 2008).

• As the Internet increased access to increasing numbers of systems worldwide,

criminals used unauthorized access to poorly protected systems for sabotage, political

action and financial gain (Erbschloe, 2004).

• As the 1990s progressed, financial crime using penetration and destabilization of

computer systems increased (Sterling, 1992).

• The types of malware shifted during the 1990s, taking advantage of new vulnerabilities

as operating systems were strengthened, only to give way to new attack routes

(Kenefick, 2008).

• Illegal applications of e-mail grew rapidly from the mid-1990s onward, generating

plenty of unwanted commercial and fraudulent emails (Hussainat M. , 2013).

• Social networking has become an increasingly important tool for cyber criminals

to recruit people to assist their money laundering operations around the globe

(Erbschloe, 2004).

• Global mobile devices' penetration—from smart phones to tablet PCs—accessing

the Internet by 2013 surpassed 1 billion, creating more opportunities for cybercrime

(Rubino, 2014).

2.2.1 Specific e-crimes

The real beginning of e-crime started in 1960, when there were attacks in the United States

on the telecommunication systems, it led to destroying long distance phone communications

(Kabay, 2008). In 1971, wire fraud by communication was escalated in the United States when

the rogue program called Creeper, which spread through early bulletin board networks. In

the same year, a person called Draper built a blue box that allowed making long distance free

calls (Sterling, 1992).

Email spam was discovered in 1976, when it was sent out over the Advanced Research

Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) (Sterling, 1992). ARPANET kernel led to the

advent of modern Internet (Ping, 2011). The first criminal convicted on e- crimes was Ian

Murphy in 1981. Murphy penetrated and altered the billing clock in American Telephone

& Telegraphs (AT&T's) and people could get discounted rates during normal hours of

business. In the early decades of the modern information technology the first virus on an

Apple computer was detected in 1982 (Louw C. , Von Solms S. , 2014).

In 1986, the oldest virus called 'Pakistani Brain' was created by unauthorized circumstances,

which attacked the computers of International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation

(Kenefick, 2008). And then, in 1988, Kevin Mitnick was sentenced for spying on e-mails

for Microwave Communications Inc. (MCI) and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

(Kabay, 2008).

At the same year, the first worm of ARPANET surfaced on the government systems and got

out control, which caused the closure of universities and government systems as it spread over

6000 networked computers. This was done by a graduate student at Cornell University

called Robert T. Morris, who was dismissed from Cornell University and sentenced to three

years' probation with $10K fine (Sterling, 1992). After that, criminal activities began to make

malicious software including self-replicating programs to interfere with personal computers

(Kabay, 2008).

With the increasing of internet use, criminals started using malicious programs to get their

goals. By mid-1990, e-crimes had gone too advanced and used software systems to computer

breakthroughs and frauds spread by email (Hussainat M. , 2013). As that in 1992, the first

virus called 'Dark Avenger', was released (Sterling, 1992). In the late Nineties, the famous

malware named 'Melissa' appeared. As well as the other famous virus 'Chen Ing-Hau'

(CIH) was sent to the internet users around the world (Kenefick, 2008).

At the beginning of the millennium, the technological developments of e-crimes increased

significantly. In 2000, Denial of Service (DOS) was sent to corrupt websites such as Yahoo,

eBay, CNN, Amazon, Buy, etc. The famous virus in that period 'I LOVE YOU', was

spread by forwarding itself and sent to all contacts on the mail lists from their accounts

(Erbschloe, 2004).

The most famous e-crimes took place in 2001, when Microsoft was attacked and corrupted

from a new Domain Name Server (DNS), which blocked Microsoft's Web sites for two

days (Erbschloe, 2004). In addition, more new worms were discovered in the millennium.

These include The L10n worm, Code Red, Sadmind, Nimda memory-only, the Klez. H,

Multiple variants of the MyDoom worm, and Storm Worm (Erbschloe, 2004).

One of the most dangerous cyber-attacks is the Structured Query Language (SQL) - injection

attack, launched through the web browsers, that leaves a lot of doors widely open for the

attackers to exploit these and gaining access to confidential Information that resides in the

website server databases. In 2008, attackers used SQL injection techniques to create

malicious iFrame blocks on legitimate Web sites (Totarotech, 2013).

In recent years, countries had begun to absorb the gravity of e-crimes to society and the

individuals because of electronic-attacks, as experienced by hackers in 2010. According to

Spanish investigators, there were over 13 million infected computers around the world,

including PCs, affecting thousands of organizations, and above forty major banks (Tabuchi,

2011).

The important historical event of e-crimes was exposed by associated press in 2013 about

theft on Twitter account. The criminal wrote tweets about attacks in the White House that

left President Obama injured. This tweet had led to a drop in Dow Jones by 130 points and

withdrawal of 136 billion dollars from stock markets in the United States of America (Rubino,

2014).

3. Methods of e-crimes

The routine uses of the internet such as downloading songs, games, and free music from

insecure sites as well as opening an unknown sender`s message lead to the possibility of

a threat via the internet (Fawn T. & Paternoster R., 2011). Cybercrimes are escalating by

various methods such as: malicious programs, which facilitated in penetrating devices

(Dixon, 2005). These programs are progressing year after year with highest techniques that

can help hackers to be hidden (Oweis N., Owais S., Alrababa M., Alansari M., 2014). This

section explains methods of e-crimes by using some of famous malicious programs such

as: Hacking, Phishing, Spam, Cyber stalking, Cyber terrorism, Cyber defamation, and

Malware as follows (WD Kearney & HA Kruger, 2014).

3.1 Hacking

Hacking developed by a highly skills programmer (Hacker) that enters a computer system

and network in an illegal way (Bhanu Sahu, Neeraj Sahu, Swatantra Kumar Sahu, and

Priya Sahu, 2013). Hackers have easy targets and objectives, by hacking over websites' security

to take and manage the theft data, such as edit, delete, install any file in any user's directory

(Erbschloe, 2004). However, there are experts in machine code and operating systems and

well-known in latest bugs, latest patches, latest bugs in the patches, etc. (Oweis N., Owais

S., Alrababa M., Alansari M., 2014). Finally, hackers are able to increasingly rely upon the

community to identify bugs and create programs that can adapt for their specific purpose

(Rekouche, 2011). Table 1 shows highest targets of e-crimes by hacking (Saini Das,

Arunabha Mukhopadhyay, and Girja.K. Shukla, 2013) (Balkhi, 2013) (Barnes B. and Perlroth

N., 2014).

Table 1: Highest targets of e-crimes by hacking from 2011 to 2014.

Hacking the system

of the company

Theft over 200,000 customer sensitive

information

USDJ1 ,

FBI2 , RIAA 3 ,

MPAA4 , IFPI 5

Attacked by hackers

called Guardians of

Peace

Caused companywide shutdown of

computers

Leak of corporate information such as:

salaries and bonus of executives and the

security numbers of employees

3.2 Phishing

Phishing is defined as a way to get sensitive information illegally such as passwords, user

name, credit card details, and electronic signature through online networks, websites, and

online payment (Bhanu Sahu, Neeraj Sahu, Swatantra Kumar Sahu, and Priya Sahu, 2013).

Another definition of phishing "is a method of stealing personal data whereby an authentic-

looking e-mail is made to appear as if it is coming from a real company or institution, the

idea is to trick the recipient into sending secret information such as account information or

phishing is through the illusion users to enter personal data, which is almost identical to

the legitimate site with makes recorded use of phishing described in detail was in 1987 and

the first used in phishing meaning was in 1996 (Rekouche, 2011).

Phishing scams are increasing day after day under the evolution of technology; the United

States faced the problem of phishing in 1995, when passwords were stolen from a large number

of people online through the use of software piracy (Johnson, 2013).

3.3 Spam

Spam is the irrelevant or unwanted e-mails/messages sent over the Internet, typically to a

large number of users, for the purposes of advertising, phishing, spreading malware, etc.

(Erbschloe, 2004).

The most common form recognized on a large scale is the spam e-mail. This term is applied

to similar abuses in other media like: instant messaging spam, Usenet newsgroup spam,

web search engine spam, spam in blogs, wiki spam, online classified ads, spam, mobile phone

messaging spam, internet forum spam, and social networking spam (Rekouche, 2011).

Furthermore, the size of a spam email has become very high, because many spammers enter

process easily, even after preventing senders to sending spam through emails. The amount

cost of spam in 2011 about seven trillion dollars paid by the client and Internet service

providers (Louw C. , Von Solms S. , 2014).

Countries have different views on how to deal with spam. For example, in South Africa,

Electronic Communications and Transactions Act stipulates that any person who sends

unsolicited commercial communications named spam to consumers is required to provide the

consumer option of stopping their subscription from the mailing list (Sterling, 1992).

1 United States Department of Justice

2 Federal Bureau of Investigation

3 Recording Industry Association of America

4 Motion Picture Association of America

5 International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

In December 2014, the Symantec's Brightmail operations carried out by monitors to categorize

spam, which are coming into the network. Figure 1 shows the latest seven types of spam

trends (Symantec Enterprise, 2014).

Figure 1: Latest seven types of spam trends in 2014.

3.4 Cyber Stalking

Cyber stalking is defined as using the internet or other electronic means with a view to harass

or threaten any individual, group of individuals, or an organization. It includes monitoring,

false accusations, identity theft, making threats, damage to data or equipment, the request

of minors for sex, or gathering information that may be used to threaten or harass (Bhatt S.

& Pant D., 2011).

Table 2: Three ways of cyber stalking.

Cyber stalking categories

Send e-mails to user for harassment and extortion. In some cases send viruses to

intimidate the user.

Takes on public through internet such as a chat room, social network, and Web

sites by sending personal data, pictures, and video to several locations to meet

their demand, which is often physical.

Computer-to -computer connection, the activities of stalker is working through

the Internet and the Windows operating system in order to assume control over

the computer of the targeted victim. The defensive option for the victim is to get

disconnected and reassign their current address of internet.

Lambert Royakkers (Royakkers, 2000) defined stalking crime as follows: "Any person is

guilty of the stalking crime who: willfully, maliciously, trace another person with the intent

of placing that person in reasonable fear of death, sexual assault, or great bodily injury to that

person, any member of that person's family, or anyone with whom that person has a sexual or

intimate relationship".

Moreover, cyber stalking has three ways dependent upon the particular use of the Internet,

which are email stalking, internet stalking, and computer stalking as shown in Table 2

(Ogilvie, 2000).

3.5 Cyber defamation

Cyber defamation is a crime taking place in cyberspace through the internet to libel and

damage the reputation of the victim (Berg, 2013). Defamation can be categorized as libel

and slander. Table 3 shows categories of cyber defamation (Linda L. Edwards, J. Stanley

Edwards, Patricia Kirtley Wells, 2008). Frequently, it occurs during the elections or while

taking senior positions in the country. Also, some persons defame others through publication

across online networks (Bhatt S. & Pant D., 2011).

With the advancement of internet technology, people have a large area to search and transfer

the information. It also allows people to express their opinions where anyone can leave

comments that can be libel, whether intentionally or unintentionally (Berg, 2013).

People comment on the internet by using the following:

• Public comments on media like newspapers, magazines, and web sites.

• Comments on social media such as Blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Chat

Room (Berg, 2013).

Table 3: Cyber defamation categories.

Cyber defamation categories

Words or pictures that are written, printed, and copied in internet

Spoken words or sounds, sign language, and gesticulations

3.6 Cyber terrorism

Cyber terrorism is defined as the act of Internet terrorism in terrorist activities online. It

includes deliberate disruption of computer networks connected to the internet, by the means

of tools such as viruses and malware to security sites, official sites, or commercial sites

(Neff, 1994). Terrorism in cyberspace can be as follows:

• Physical destruction of machinery and IT infrastructure.

• Penetration of computer networks.

• Disruption of government networks.

• Disruption of financial networks or social media networks.

Therefore, cyber terrorism has been used by terrorist groups to get their goals. It carries out

attacks against the computer systems, communications, infrastructure, and to launch electronic

threats (Brokenshire, 2013).

3.7 Malware

Malware is the name of the programs that are permitted in a way that they are hidden

under the useful programs. The term of malware generally covers viruses, worms and

Trojans (Schaeff B, Chan H., and Ogulnick S., 2009) (Erbschloe, 2004).

The viruses are programs having the ability to self-replicate and attach themselves to other

executable programs. Viruses spread on the infected computer and it is difficult to remove

them, which leads to data loss (Schaeff B, Chan H., and Ogulnick S., 2009). Table 4 shows

the different forms of viruses (Swain, 2009).

Table 4: Virus categories.

A virus that is implanted in the memory on a target system. It

becomes active whenever the system starts to operate. It

implements specific action on the work every time.

A virus that transmits infection on network location,

removable, and local systems. It does not remain in the

system for a long time.

A virus that targets a boot sector on the hard drive. It is

being loaded into memory each time when an attempt is

being made to boot from the infected drive.

A virus that has written especially in macro language in

Word, Outlook, Excel, Etc. It is being executed as soon as the

documents are contained and automatically open.

The worm is one of the programs that distribute full function or parts of them to computers

(Erbschloe, 2004). Worms are famous in reproduction and publishing, it is often used for the

transfer of viruses from computers to break through barriers (Bruce S. Schaeffer, Henfree

Chan, Henry Chan, and Susan Ogulnick, 2009). Table 5 shows worms categorize (Sebastian,

2013).

Table 5: Worms categorizes.

Spread through email messages, especially with

attachments.

Spread directly over the internet by abusing access to open

system weaknesses.

Spread over open, unprotected network shares

Spread over two or more various capabilities

In the world of computers, it is infiltrating across malware and hidden under the useful

programs. Table 6 shows some of the most common Trojan categories (Sebastian, 2013).

The name of the original Trojan is changing and activated every time you open the

computer, so it is difficult to detect the damage and determine the place of attack (Schaeff

B, Chan H., and Ogulnick S., 2009).

Table 6: Trojan categories.

Designed to use a target computer through proxy server,

which can attach to perform a multitude of operations

anonymously.

Designed to steal passwords from the targeted systems. This

Trojan will very often first drop a key logging component

into infected device

Designed to steal account information or data through instant

messaging programs such as Skype, MSN, and etc.

Designed to install other malware on target systems. It is

usually used in the beginning of a malware attack.

Designed to

steal

information through online

gaming account.

Designed to steal online banking information that allows

hackers to access bank account or credit card information.

4. Factors of committing e-crimes

The previous section mentions methods that help committing of e-crimes, in which a person

can steal personal data and confidential data. Foremost among the causes of e-crimes that are

often infringed on information systems, this section explains the factors that lead to the

commission of e-crimes, which are: Financial, Cultural, Political, and Sexual crimes as

follows.

4.1 Financial e-crimes

Financial e-crimes, also often referred to as white-collar crime, which are committed via

the Internet and have a major impact on the international banking and financial sectors.

Moreover, financial e-crimes affect private individuals, companies, organizations, and even

nations. It has a negative influence on the entire economic and social system through the

significant loss of money incurred (Alex Antoniou and Gauri Sinha, 2012).

Hiding behind a network, the perception of low risk and very high financial reward prompts

many cyber criminals to engage in malware, phishing, identity theft and fraudulent money

request attacks (Hussainat M. , 2013). Business week estimates that cybercrimes targeting

online banking account nearly 700 million dollars per year globally (Nadiah Salman,

2014). Few examples of financial crimes are as follows:

• Using phishing to create a page similar to the official homepage. For example, they make

a fake web page of the bank and asking the customer to enter the card number and PIN

with intent to copy personal data and steal bank account (Rekouche, 2011).

• The false e-mails sent by criminals as in money laundering with promise to giving a high

commission in the event of conversion, not to mention some of the fake emails sent by

winning lottery or an award, where people are asked to send a bank account number to

deposit the amount (Erbschloe, 2004) (Alex Antoniou and Gauri Sinha, 2012).

• Theft Automated Teller Machine (ATM) from bank and copied the credit card number

of the machine. These cases were common in African countries, especially South Africa

(Warner, 2010).

4.2 Cultural e-crimes

The method of cultural e-crimes refers to the theft of intellectual property rights or a person

exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization and

attribute them to oneself without mentioning the name of the source/author. It can be one

of the following forms: (Broadhurst R. & Grabosky P., 2005) (Diane Lending & Sandra A.

Slaughter, 1999)

• Copying software or movies on digital video discs (DVDs) from any international

companies and selling them to the people at the lowest cost.

• Decoding private satellite channels, which are encrypted and have subscription fees. It

is done by technology like Soft copy.

• Copying scientific literature electronically.

4.3 Political e-crimes

The spread of bad habits and cultures through internet network, which are alien to our society.

The most widely spreads of political e-crimes are: terrorism, addiction, adultery and theft

of money, which lead to the corruption of countries politically in the first place (Schaeff B,

Chan H., and Ogulnick S., 2009).

• Theft of government websites, critical information and spread of viruses, as happened

in the United States in 1997, when teenagers broken through a system of air traffic

control and disrupted air navigation system

• Information Technology is easier for terrorist groups to make communication because

they are using the latest tools to convey their thoughts to the world (Neff, 1994). There

are many reasons why terrorist using internet such as (Dogrul M.,Aslan A.&Celik E.,

2011):

o Limited money, they have considered them online from cheap materials that

acquires the largest segment in the world.

o The internet facilitates them to stay Unknown; these groups often choose

countries with weak governments.

o Their goals are easy to access, especially if the sites are not protected and

secured.

o There are no security barriers that hinder their movement.

o Speed in the formation of attacks by internet communications.

4.4 Sexual e-crimes

Sexual e-crimes offenders have associated through the internet. Offenders have become

active creators and distributors to distribute abusive content through online or offline by

saving data (Riccardo Satta, Javier Galbally, and Laurent Beslay, 2014). Sexual e-crimes

are summarized as follows:

• Flattering: When there is a relationship between a young man and a girl through chatting

and developing this relationship with exchanging words of love until the trust becomes

strong, then the young man exploits this relationship and threatens to blackmail the girl

through her recorded calls, or saved chats for purpose of meeting his demands

(Broadhurst R. & Grabosky P., 2005).

• Extortion: the most famous is a breakthrough personal computer of girls to take images

and personal data, then threatening to expose the material online (Alex Antoniou and

Gauri Sinha, 2012).

• Corrupting thoughts and weakening the faith of young minds through the dissemination

of pornographic images and videos via the Internet (Alex Antoniou and Gauri Sinha,

2012).

• Pornographic websites: is one of the most prevalent ways through the Internet have been

the dissemination of sexual images and movies, which is not limited to a particular age

group, but sex can also enter these sites if unsupervised (Broadhurst R. & Grabosky P.,

2005).

• Child abuse can occur in a child's home, organizations, schools, or communities the child

interacts with. Each year, too many children fall prey to sexual predators and all too

often, these heinous acts are recorded in photos and on video and released on the Internet

(Oweis N., Owais S., Alrababa M., Alansari M., 2014). For example, in 2010, the largest

sexual e-crime in the United States was detected and prosecution was made to 52

members of pedophile international child pornography for distributing up to 16,000

DVDs of child pornography (Sterling, 1992).

5. Cybercrimes in Various Countries

As mentioned before, there are many types of e-crimes involved to breach human and

information privacy, theft, and illegal alteration of system critical information (Ping,

2011). Every year there are increasing of e-crimes in the world, due to the development

of information technology and software changes (Rekouche, 2011).

With this spreading, countries are trying to protect the society from e-crimes. Different types

of e-crimes have necessitated the introduction and use of newer effective security measures in

many countries (Ilyin, 2013).

Recently, many countries carried out e-crime laws to limit their spread, especially after the

expansion of communication networks using social media that resulted in adoption and

implementation of these laws to reduce the e-crimes (Sharma, 2013). Figure 2 shows the

top twenty countries exposed to external attacks from malicious programs in 2014. Each

country lists 6 contributing tools mentioned in each subsection of countries (Symantec, 2014).

Figure 2: Top 20 countries exposed to external attacks from malicious programs in 2014.

This section explains and clarifies the spread of e-crimes and the applicable laws in various

countries, which are: Malaysia, Mexico, Taiwan, Brazil, India, Japan, United Kingdom,

United States of America as follows.

5.1 Malaysia

Malaysia aims to achieve the democratic potentials of technology. The government is

committed to provide best practices, cyber security of information, training, and awareness

programs. Among several forms of e-crimes, the Royal Malaysian Police reported that the

top three types of e-crimes are:

1. e-commerce fraud-online purchase.

2. Parcel scam.

3. Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VOIP) scam across border syndicates. (Majid,

2012)

After confrontations, Malaysia amended the copyright Act in 1990 that came into force

initially in 1987 as per accession to the Berne Convention, which provides explicit

protection for literary and Artistic works viewed on computers (Neff, 1994).

After a few years, in 1997 the act was passed to computer crime, digital signature, and

1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%

3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 5% 6%

(Kumar, 2009). At the beginning of the millennium an act was passed to optical disc,

and in 2006 an act was passed to electronic transactions (Chang Yew, Wong, 2002). In

addition, the Malaysian police have given statistical data on e-crimes from 2007 to 2012 on

the number of issues and losses year wise as shown in Table 7 (Majid, 2012).

Table 7: Statistics of e-crimes from 2007 to 2011in Malaysia.

5.2 Mexico

Mexico faced different types of e-crimes; the first type discovered was in copyright

infringement. In 1991, Mexico made amendments and additions to the Federal law of

copy. It also improved the protection of computer programs (Neff, 1994).

Mexico took commendable effort to reduce the e-crimes by the Cybercrime Police Unit called

Cybercrime-Mexico (DC Mexico) (Velasco, 2007). Table 8 shows the tools of e-crimes in

Mexico (Symantec, 2014).

Table 8: Tools of e-crimes in Mexico.

Share of malicious computer activity

A phishing web site hosts

DC Mexico was formed by the Ministry of Public Security in 2002, and headed by the

Cybercrime Police Unit as the technical secretariat, and it is formed by government entities of

the Legislature, Federal Executive, and Judicial Power through representatives of the

Chamber of Deputies, state governments, telecommunications companies, the Senate, the

computer security services, industry chambers, academic institutions, and associations with

civil society groups (Velasco, 2007).

5.3 Taiwan

The large number of counterfeiting industries in Taiwan is impacting economically the outside

community that became a necessary intervention of outside parties to reduce these

industries, which is considered by many countries as e-crimes. Republic of China, where

Taiwan is a part of it, has issued a law in 1985, as amended due to the influence and

pressure from the United States, which explicitly protects computer programs (Neff, 1994).

In 1992, Taiwan has protected the rights of authors through the adoption of new measures

limiting the export of computer programs that contain software. They also inspect and

control all related products and software that require the presence of a copyright or a valid

license for the export of these software products (Neff, 1994).

The largest historical operations that were carried out by Taiwan regards to e- crimes

after the signing of a joint agreement between the Chinese authorities and the officials of

Taiwan in 2010, which resulted in 450 scammers arrested in all parts of Taiwan and the

Chinese provinces. They carried out more than 16 joint raids, which lead to more than 1,000

arrests (Warner, 2010).

In this case, the activity initially focused on telephone fraud and auction fraud on the internet.

Also, they had been doing ATM fraud through hacking into foreign banks and using ATM

card readers to steal from more than 200 foreign financial institutions and bank accounts. In

addition, money laundering, online shopping scams, and impersonation of public and agencies

for fraud are parts of financial e-crimes (Sharma, 2013). Table 9 shows the tools of e-crimes

in Taiwan by Symantec in 2014 (Symantec, 2014).

Table 9: Tools of e-crimes in Taiwan.

Share of malicious computer activity

A phishing web site hosts

5.4 Brazil

Brazil is one of the countries keen to protect society from the e-crimes. In 1987, Brazil

issued law No. 7646 that provides protection of copyright and establishes penalties for

exceeding the law. The software also focused on the law to protect the Brazilian market

(Neff, 1994). Law No.8248 was passed in 1992 to provide protection of a patent relating to

the technical nature of computer programs.

After that Brazil imposes a similarity test, as well as restrictions on the foreign origin of

the software market (Neff, 1994). The Brazilian Senate Substitute passed acts to the House

Bill No.89 of 2003 draft law, which provides no guarantees for freedom of expression or

information. The purposes of the draft law created new provisions that would transform private

companies responsible for delivering Internet services into an online police force to punish

and detection of crimes committed using the Internet (Articl19 Group, 2012).

It is possible that the draft law would require same provisions for mass surveillance and data

retention of all online communications by same unaccountable private bodies with few

restrictions on the circumstances, which a court could order the disclosure of that data

(Articl19 Group, 2012). Table 10 shows the tools of e-crimes in Brazil by Symantec in 2014

(Symantec, 2014).

Table 10: Tools of e-crimes in Brazil.

Share of malicious computer activity

A phishing web site hosts

As well, in 2009 the federal government established the 'Critical Infrastructure Protection

Information Security Working Group' (CIPISWG), which works in information security

and incident response plans under Department of Information and Communications (DIC)

(Sterling, 1992).

5.5 India

India is the country faced e-crimes in the ancient times; the beginning of laws in information

technology was passed in 1951 for the rules of Indian Telegraph (Kumar, 2009). But the

real beginning for e-crimes in India was in 2000, when the law of information technology

was passed (Rekouche, 2011). India formed the Ministry of Information Technology in

1999, which have sought proposals to amend the law in 1998 after undergoing a huge change

(Kumar, 2009).

Ministry of Information Technology had proposed to assist find offender by forcing Net cafe

owners to register the names and addresses of all persons who visit the café and also a list

of sites they surfed. The Information Technology Act has been implemented in the year

2000. However, with the growth of information technology they need to amend some of the

provisions of this IT Act and inclusion new types of e- crimes were found necessary and the

amended Act was made effective in 2009 (Resercher, 2007).

The study in India on different types of e-crimes between 2001- 2011 is shown in Table 11.

The study had tried to find out the cause of the rapid changes in the occurrence of crimes

and its impact on the individuals in society. All data were collected from the media as well as

from various electronic gates. (Bhatt S. & Pant D., 2011)

In the early years, the growth rate of reported cases was very high because people did not

realize this type of crime, but after 2005 the rate of reported cases increased suddenly

making it evident that individuals are starting to be aware of these crimes. This study is on

the basis of data collected during ten years that growth is increasing rapidly year after year

and these new types of crime affecting the community in a different ways (Bhatt S. & Pant

D., 2011).

Table 11: Report of e-crimes factors between 2001 and 2011in India.

5.6 Japan

The Japanese government has created a vast network of regulatory bodies, institutions that

operate under the umbrella of Center for Information Security, the National Secretariat of

Council of Ministers, which was founded in 2005, after the cyber-attacks on the websites

of many government ministries and agencies in 2000 (Shimbun, 2011). The Japanese

government tried to stem any cyber-attacks through the formation of cyber security forces,

which consist of four categories (Russell, 2011):

1. Policies to protect the industry led by the Ministry of Economy Trade and

Industry.

2. Initiatives to combat cybercrime, led by the National Police Agency.

3. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

4. 4- Security measures coordinated by the Ministry of National Defense.

In addition, Japan depends on the self-regulation in the private sector to protect personal

data. Japan approved a law to protect personal information in 2005 on the protection of

privacy and data at the companies. Failure to comply law, it is punishable by a fine of up to

about 30.000 USD or imprisoned for up to six months (Warner, 2010). Table 12 shows the

tools of e-crimes in Japan by Symantec in 2014 (Symantec, 2014).

Table 12: Tools of e-crimes in Japan.

Share of malicious computer activity

A phishing web site hosts

Mitsubishi industries exposed to cyber-attacks in 2011 that resulted in the burning of 83

PCs in 11 locations including headquarters in Tokyo, research and development center, and

many factories. As well as, Parliament and Kawasaki Heavy Industries were exposed to cyber-

attacks at the same time (Bhatt S. & Pant D., 2011).

As part of initiative, an information technology forum established working groups in 2012.

The report of the group released in May 2013 recommended using intermediary organizations

to provide information that assist in building a relationship based on trust between businesses

and consumers to use the personal data. Also, it stated that companies use, which set of

personal information for any of their services instead of asking consumers to identify their

data. As well as the need to provide different levels of service based on the type of consumers

(Andreasson, 2011).

5.7 United Kingdom

United Kingdom is interested in information technology, copyright in databases, regulations

and the code of advertising. In 2000 an Act was passed for electronic communications

and the consumer protection regulation (Obrien A. & Marakas G., 2007). Table 13 shows

the tools of e-crimes in the United Kingdom by Symantec in 2014 (Symantec, 2014).

According to a study carried out by cyber security experts at the University of Kent in 2011,

more than 9 million adults in Britain were victims of hacked, and 8% of the population say

they have lost money in the last year due to e-crimes, Also it stated that 2.3% of the population

reported a loss of more than 10,000 pounds to online predators (Hernandez-Castro E.,Boiten

E., 2013). In addition, the study found that 18.3% of those surveyed have seen attempts to

break into one or more of their accounts on the Internet, including online banking, e-mail,

games, and social media.

Finally, the researchers found that people aged between 55 and 64 are less successfully

targeted by cyber criminals. The figure for this group, 11.4%, said the study, which may

be because they are more cautious or spend less time on the Internet. More than one out of

every four people aged from 18 to 24 (27.3%) has been subjected to privacy attack (Hernandez-

Castro E.,Boiten E., 2013).

Dr. Julio Hernandez-Castro and Dr. Eerke Boiten, from the University of Kent, the Cyber

Security research center said that "it seems the crime on the Internet has a clear impact on

the lives of citizens in the United Kingdom, with their account credentials being

compromised significantly, and in some cases several times" (Hernandez-Castro E.,Boiten

E., 2013).

According to the British government report in the same year, the total economic cost was 27

million British pounds per year, with identity theft of 1.7 billion pounds, online frauds and

rip-offs of more than 1.4 billion pounds. The report found that the main loser was a British

businessman, who took a blow of 21 billion pounds. British people suffer high levels of

intellectual property theft and industrial espionage (Brokenshire, 2013).

Table 13: Tools of e-crimes in UK.

Share of malicious computer activity

A phishing web site hosts

5.8 United States of America

In 1986, a law was passed to the Electronic Communications Privacy (ECPA), which

provides for identification judgments to protect the privacy of electronic communications

and access third-party project for computers. (Neff, 1994).

In addition, the laws that are specifically designed to deal with e- crimes and traditional

laws can also be used to prosecute crimes involving computers. For instance, Economic

Espionage Act (EEA) passed in 1996 and established in order to put an end to trade secret

misappropriation. EEA law includes provisions that make steal trade secrets aware of or try

to do so in order to benefit someone other than the owner of trade secrets, as a crime (May,

2004).

A law of the digital millennium copyright was passed in 1998. The main purpose is to update

amended and implementation of the World Intellectual Property Organization, which provides

for copyright treaty and the Performances and Phonograms Treaty (Lynch, 2002). Also, at

the same year United State passed acts of Children`s online privacy protection (Kumar, 2009).

In 2003, an Act was passed for Controlling the Assault of Non Solicited Pornography And

Marketing (CAN-SPAM). In 2006, Adam Walsh child protection and safety Act to protect

children from sexual exploitation and violent crime, to prevent child abuse and child pornography

thereby to promote internet safety. (Kumar, 2009).

Figure 3: Attacks to companies in USA by benchmark sample.

Furthermore, the United States focused on Federal Trade Commission's (FTC`s) Guidelines for

internet advertising, uniform domain name dispute resolution policy, computer fraud and abuse

act and wire (May, 2004). Table 14 shows the tools of e- crimes in the United States (Symantec,

2014). The Figure 3 explains attacks to companies in the United States by benchmark sample

(Paganini, 2012).

Table 14: Tools of e-crimes in USA.

Share of malicious computer activity

A phishing web site hosts

120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

hishing & social

eng

nee

ring

5.9 Cybercrimes in Middle East

Like other countries, middle east is also not free of e-crimes. Various countries including

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), United Arab of Emirates (UAE), Egypt, Lebanon, Bahrain,

Qatar, Syria, and etc., have been found to suffer through e-crimes. Figure 4 demonstrates the

summary of nine countries in the middle east. This section describes specially about KSA and

UAE in details.

Figure 4: Kaspersky Lab presented statistics for the Middle East in 2014.

5.10 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is at the forefront of countries in using social networking, official statistics

in 2013 (see Figure 6) revealed the results of using the Internet in the Arab world that Saudi

Arabia has the highest rate among the Arab countries in terms of mobile usage of up to

63% and the number of connected Internet more than 8 million, as shown in Figure 5 . Saudi

Arabia also ranked first in the highest percentage of watching TV channels on the Internet

up to 25% (Abdulaziz Alarifi, Holly Tootell, and Peter Hyland, 2012).

Number of Local Detections

Number of Online Detections

Figure 5: Number of people connected to the Internet in 2013.

The Ministry of Interior in collaboration with the Communications and Information

Technology Commission declared strict punishments for computer crimes, including identity

theft, defamation, hacking, theft of e-mail, and other. They issued combat system for e-

crimes by cabinet decision No.79 dated 07/03/1428 AH, and was approved by the Royal

Decree No. M/17 dated 03/08/1428 AH in 2014. This Law aims to reduce the occurrence of

computer crime, by identifying these crimes and determining penalties for each of them to

ensure the following:

1. Enhancement of information security.

2. Protection of rights relating to the lawful use of computers and information

networks.

3. Protection of public interest, ethics, and morals.

4. Protection of national economy.

Figure 6: Tools prevalent of e-crimes in the United Arab Emirates.

5.11 United Arab Emirates

In United Arab Emirates (UAE), the perpetrators of-crimes have stepped up their activity in

recent times in varied styles and age groups. According to statistics issued by Dubai Police in

2013, email fraud, extortion to get money and unethical goals up to 25% of total cases.

In 2012, the Norton Company submitted a study on e-crimes factors in UAE. It turns out

that during every two minutes there is victim to e-crimes. The report revealed the tools

prevalent of e-crimes in UAE, as shown in Figure 6 (Norton, 2012).

As per the report, experts warned of e-crimes activity in the UAE, where nearly 20% of

the intrusions aimed at mobile devices, because the mobile internet use were approximately

56% of the total mobile users. The study also showed that the measures taken by the internet

users to protect themselves are still not enough, that they cannot keep pace with the steady

increase in e-crime s activities (Norton, 2012).

UAE President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan issued a decree (Federal Law No. 5 of

2012) regarding the fight against crimes of Information Technology; some of these laws are:

• Punish by imprisonment of any person using electronic sites or any information

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

technology means to engage in the unauthorized use of, or provide unauthorized

facilities for others to use, communication services or audio and video channels.

• Punish anyone who uses the Internet or an information technology device to defame

sanctuaries or Muslim rites or holy people such as apostles and prophets, as well as

offend sanctuaries or rites prescribed in other religions or insulting a heavenly

recognized religion.

• Punish by imprisonment those who use the Internet or an information technology

device for trafficking or the promotion of drugs or psychotropic substances of abuse

or facilitate the deal of drugs.

• Punish anyone who uses the Internet or an information technology device in with

the money transfer or deposit with the intention of concealing or disguising the illicit

origin, as well as to hide or disguise the fact that the source of the money is illegal.

Also use illegal money with the prior knowledge of its illegal source.

Table 15: Increasing of e-crimes in Kuwait.

5.12 Kuwait

The e-crimes rate has increased recently in Kuwait because the deployment methods and

techniques by criminals have become more complex and difficult to identify the offender, this

is shown in Table 15. It is based on the studies of Kuwait General Department of Criminal

Investigations (Kuwait General Department of Criminal Investigation, 2018). This section

focuses on social media, e-crimes and law on e- crimes in Kuwait.

The director general of the General Department of Criminal Investigation in Kuwait, said that

"the e-crimes rate in the State of Kuwait is evolving significantly". The goals of such e-crimes

are: spreading destructive ideas, stealing money using fake internet cards, and destroying the

information that has become difficult to be substantiated and tracked. He also added that "the e-

crimes rate in the State of Kuwait is evolving significantly". The goals of such e-crimes are:

spreading destructive ideas, stealing money using fake internet cards, and destroying the

information that has become difficult to be substantiated and tracked. Table 16 shows the highest

e-crimes activity until 2015 by the Kuwait General Department of Criminal Investigations

(Kuwait General Department of Criminal Investigation, 2018).

Table 16:

Types of e-crimes in Kuwait.

Incitement to hatred of a category of society

Abuse means of communication

Incitement to immorality and debauchery

The establishment of communities without a license

Compromising the very princely

Insulting a public official

The Kuwait Ministry of Interior has established a special department called 'Fight against

Electronic Crime' to handle e-crimes. It is able to make achievements in the

detection of e-

crimes with the following tasks (

Directorate General of criminal Investigations, 2018

• Supervising the detection of e-crimes such as theft of data, information, and

identity of individuals and institutions.

• Follow-up on the infringement of copyright.

• Supervise the development of strategies to prevent hackers luring citizens to

financial transactions or personal relationships in an illegal way.

• Providing all the necessary work in area such as technological software, human

resources, and hardware technology.

• Supervise the criminal lab for photographic film and pictures for the

Directorate General of criminal Investigations.

• Providing photographers to portray the e-crimes issues.

After viewing the factors of e-crimes in Kuwait, and measures taken by the Ministry of Interior

in Kuwait to reduce this type of crimes, it is important to explain the relation between social

media and e-crimes, and law of e-crimes in Kuwait.

6. Social media, Cybercrimes and Cyber Laws

Social media programs via the Internet swept a big part of our daily life due to the user friendliness

of mobile phones. Here comes the decision of the individual in the use of this latest technology

either beneficial or harming to himself or others. The uses of social media are on the rise of all age

groups, with the vast majority being adults and young people. The arrival of smart phones has

made it easier to access social media. Besides, the most prominent social media programs at the

present time are Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, which have become forums for religious and

political debates. This is threatening the security of communities through the broadcasts and

chats, which may undermine the harmony of the world. These thoughts may also lead to rifts

among the communities and nations worldwide.

Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) published that Kuwait is one among the five Arab countries in

using Twitter and Facebook extensively among its residents. A recent study revealed the majority

of young population used Facebook and that it will rise further in coming years. Many countries

relate e-crimes with social network, including social media because contact with different

societies through internet led to the creation of e-crimes and social media laws (Louw C. , Von

Solms S. , 2014). In recent years, many Arab countries witnessed political turmoil using social

media, which led to civil unrest and street protests.

With the present social media, there is an increase of e-crimes in societies across the globe.

There is a need for stringent laws to be emphasized by notaries and dignitaries. At present, in

many of the countries (specially under developed countries) cyber laws are under the

framework of the general laws and carry lenient or no punishments.

As an example, it is surprising that, Kuwait did not have special e-crime laws until 2015; they

were applying sanctions under the audiovisual law only. But it turns out later that they started

making e-crime laws and also initiated applying in the beginning of the year 2016. The Kuwait

government aggressively enforced the audio-visual Law during 2013, also prosecuting citizens

for internet-related offenses on social media platforms, and often pursuing these cases in

conjunction with other criminal charges. The lowest penalty under the audiovisual law is a six-

month jail term and a fine of up to KD 2,000 for those who illegally use computers that belong

to others. The penalty increases if the misuse involves damaging or altering data or information

stored in the computer. But the main penalty is a jail sentence of up to 10 years and a fine

ranging between KD 20,000 and KD 50,000 for those who set up a website for terror groups

or publish news about them that could be used for raising donations. At that, The Kuwait

National Assembly passed a law to combat electronic crimes, stipulating a jail term of up to 10

years for providing online assistance to terror groups and for money laundering. (Kuwait

Times, 2016). The safety of intellectual property is governed by the law No 64 of 1999

provides copyright protection and penalties for copyright infringement. Also the copyright of

the press and publishing is protected under the Press and Publications Law, which was

issued in 2006.

7. Influencing factors towards e-crimes

Various authors, in the recent years, have worked towards finding out influencing factors

towards the e-crimes. The study of Hussainat (Hussainat M., 2013) has shown that the most

important influencing factors are: financial, political, and cultural. Menshawi (Menshawi,

2003) showed that the highest e-crimes are breakthroughs, financial crimes, and crimes create

or frequenting sites hostile and crimes piracy.

Ping (Ping, 2011) concluded that the network crime mainly focused on the financial system

with the intent of making fraud, theft, defamation, sex, and intellectual property crime. Ping

showed that the crime areas cover nearly all sides of social life, and the criminal activity

will become more complex. Lesisko and Lee (Lesisko, Lee James, 2003) focused on

to reduce the unauthorized copyright.

Kearney and Kruger (WD Kearney & HA Kruger, 2014) were interested in their study if

users have a trust in the corporation's ICT systems and infrastructure. Result showed that

demographic factors play significant role in the protection of information and information

assets.

Oweis et al., (Oweis N., Owais S., Alrababa M., Alansari M., 2014) used social engineering

approach to find the most important human risk of e-crime. The study showed that the

factors of committing e-crimes are young people, political interference, social experiences, and

administrative restructuring of the networks.

Rekha and Radhakrishna (Rekha A. & Radhakrishna R., 2014) examined the relations

between ethical awareness and the actual behaviors of individuals in real life situations. It

was found that it is not enough to deter users from committing unethical actions related to

information technology such as download of copyrighted content.

Another similar study in the field by Jeffery et al., (Jeffrey M. Stantona, Kathryn R. Stama,

Paul Mastrangelob, Jeffrey Joltonb, 2004) develops taxonomy of end user security-related

behaviors, tests the consistency of that taxonomy, and uses behaviors. The study found that

people need training, awareness, knowledge of monitoring, and changing passwords more

frequently and choosing good passwords.

Alexios et al., (Alexios Mylonas, Anastasia Kastania, Dimitris Gritzalis, 2012) built a

prediction model to identify users who trust the application on repository. Results showed

that the majority of users trusts the application repository, which is a clear lack of Smartphone

users' security awareness.

In addition, Shahabuddin (Shahabuddin, 1987) stressed the need to the measures of securing

computer data through legislation to help prevent computer crimes and should help deter the

hackers from future attempts of breaching the security.

In the same field of cultural e-crimes, the study by Diane and Sandra (Diane Lending &

Sandra A. Slaughter, 1999) focused to identify cultural factors that are associated with a

variety of attitudes and behaviors regarding unauthorized software copying. This study

reveals prominent differences in the behaviors and attitudes towards software copying in

society.

Aloul (Aloul, 2010) found that users fall victims to phishing attacks. Researcher saw the need

for security awareness programs in education, training, also in schools, universities,

governments, and private organizations in the Middle East.

Alex et al., (Alex Roney Mathew, Aayad Al Hajj, and Khalil Al Ruqeishi, 2010) were

Interested to explore some types of cybercrimes such as; phishing, spooting, and email. They

discussed the ways to protect ourselves, and focus on solutions to users to be careful when

using the internet, companies should secure themselves by firewalls and others programs

and countries should implement special laws to counter e-crimes.

Amber et al., (Amber Stabek, Paul Watters, and Robert Layton , 2010) invented cybercrime

classification framework (CCF), which determine what is needful for the development of a

transnational, inter-jurisdictional, and global approach to identify and prosecute criminals

othe internetet. This framework would improve the efficiency in identifying, and monitoring

e-crimes.

A study by Bhanu et al., (Bhanu Sahu, Neeraj Sahu, Swatantra Kumar Sahu, and Priya

Sahu, 2013) showed that, to give best judgments to criminals of e-crimes, society need special

e-crimes laws, which make it easy to identify e-crimes types and how to deal with it.

The present study by Frances and Herman (Frances S. Grodzinsky and Herman T. Tavani,

2002) have considered about issues of cyber stalking that has relation with legal liability.

Authors have seen that individuals and the internet Service Providers (ISPs) should assume

responsibility to prevent harm of e-crimes.

Alex and Gauri (Alex Antoniou and Gauri Sinha, 2012) concentrated on sexual e- crimes,

which encompass online publications or distribution of sexually explicit material. Also the

study focused of financial e-crimes associated with money laundering via internet. Authors

stressed that the countries need to take legal efforts against sexual pornography via Internet

and anti-money laundering measures that enforce law to reach the criminals by tracing the

path of their money.

In the same field of sexual e-crimes, Riccardo et al., (Riccardo Satta, Javier Galbally, and

Laurent Beslay, 2014) focused on using demographic factors to monitor and investigate the

offender by identifying facial features of the offender from the child victim by using law

enforcement agencies. Also in the fight against online child sexual abuse (CSA).

In the light of the above mentioned studies, still there is a need to have extensive research about

what are the factors which influencing e-crimes. Studying them well and them implementing

the studies may be a step ahead towards cyber security as follows in Section 4.

8. Cyber Security

It is well known by now that cybercrime is a big threat worldwide. Cybercrime, no doubt, has

made a big amount of damages everywhere in the world. As much as $6 trillion annually, by

2021, has been predicted to global damages (Cyber Security Ventures, (2018); Global

Cybersecurity Index 2017 (2017); Aimee O'Driscoll (October 2, 2018)). Therefore, it is

extremely important to get ready for potential threat cybercrime poses, the impact it is having,

and what is being done about it. Cybersecurity, therefore, needs to be considered as a hot area

to work on in order to avoid any future damages caused by cybercrimes. Some progress has

been made in the recent years. Various countries, around the globe, have committed for

cybersecurity measures. Top ten most committed countries are Singapore, United States,

Malaysia, Oman, Estonia, Mauritius, Australia, Georgia, France and Canada. For further

information, the reader is referred to (Global Cybersecurity Index 2017 (2017)).

It has been noted that there is a need to fill big gaps in cyber preparedness around the globe.

These gaps exist not only within and between countries, but they also exist between regions.

Furthermore, cybersecurity related commitments, many of the times, are not equally distributed

with countries performing well in some areas and less so in others. To make Cybersecurity

more effective, it is mandatory that the factors like skills, cyber laws, international cooperation

and technical implementation need to be given tremendous importance. Some additional

concerns are that cybersecurity should not just be a worry of the governments, it should be

given ample commitment by other sectors and communities. Hence, it is desired and vital to

have a cybersecurity culture where people are aware of the give-n-take when using computers

and networks.

Many organizations overlook the security aspect of the system information and monitoring

to protect their original data. So, there are many data protection software such as: black ice

defender, lockdown 2000, and anti-virus. One can also see how to protect data by using a

firewall (Schaeff B, Chan H., and Ogulnick S., 2009). A firewall is a network security system

that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic (Mark Reith, Clint

Carr, and Gregg Gunsch, 2002). This program filters data network to decide whether the

devices are empty of viruses, not to forward it to their destination or to reject it. It has become

important at this time to PCs to protect them from e-crimes and breakthroughs (Bruce S.

Schaeffer, Henfree Chan, Henry Chan, and Susan Ogulnick, 2009).

Firewall contains a protection program for managing the information security such as: firewall

logs, system logs, records of anti-virus, user profiles, viruses, records of physical access,

etc.. It helps companies to collect and connect data securely and identify threats internally

or externally (IIBF, 2012). The program includes monitoring successful practices such as:

• Strict security provided over form and layer helps identify security threat both from

the internal network (more pressing) or foreign companies.

• Encrypt critical business data and record all changes to the audit minute and put

strict controls to access the data.

• The application of the policy of 'least access privileges' to ensure not to allow access

to all company information and records.

• Update the process of identity management from time to time to determine who

has access to company information across the network by denying the access of

employees who have completed their service from the institution.

• Providing Systems that reveal infiltration of the company's network to assist in the

detection of suspicious or malignant activities. (Schaeff B, Chan H., and Ogulnick

S., 2009).

The programs are generally created to protect information in computers, which can prevent

the unauthorized request from external computer networks (Schaeff B, Chan H., and

Ogulnick S., 2009). Firewall allows users to read email from different remote locations, but

at the same time it does not allow running certain unknown program (Obrien A. & Marakas

G., 2007). Firewall programs are not completely effective. There are some precautions to take

as a user to ensure the survival of the system and have awareness to deception through online

networks and educate ourselves of any developments that occur in the information

technology (Obrien A. & Marakas G., 2007).

9. Conclusion

Technology has become an integral part of our daily life in the world of the internet and cannot

be dispensed with. Although there are several advantages of the technology, but it has become

a threat to our lives too. It became necessary to take caution when using any technology so

as not to be trapped by e-crimes. Many of the countries do not have specific laws related to e-

crimes until today, so it is imperative to enact new laws to combat the worldwide scourge, which

has no boundaries. Many of the studies in the current literature have focused on factors that

affecting e-crimes such as demography, sexual, financial, cultural, and political. There is a

need to improve and validate these studies region vise and country vise. Thus, as future work, it

desired to do the followings:

• Build new models to measure the influence of demography and technology over the

factors of e-crimes leading political, cultural, financial, and sexual aspects in

societies locally and globally.

• Create hypotheses for each factor to find the influence between factors.

• Collect data from significant sample sources, on country as well as region bases, to test

on the build models and created hypothesis.

• Using suitable statistical measures for data analysis.

• Discuss the study finding and objectives.

• Drawing conclusions and set recommendations for future studies.

• Making necessary and needed measures for cybersecurity around.

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... By early 1990s, there was increase in the use of computers to commit financial crimes by destabilization of computer system. The availability of mobile phones, particularly smart phones, and tablet PCs also saw increase in cybercrime (Alansari et al., 2019). URL: www.onlinesciencepublishing.com | November, 2020 ...

... Cybercrimes are offenses that are committed against individuals or groups with a criminal motive of intentionally harming the reputation of the victim, causing physical or mental harm, and cause loss of money or information directly or indirectly by using internet and electronic devices (Alansari et al., 2019). Specifically, cybercrime is a crime committed by criminals who make use of the computer as a tool and the internet as a connection to commit a lot of internet related offences such as illegal downloading of music files and movies, piracy, spam mailing, etc (Omodunbi et al., 2016 ...

One of the biggest challenges faced by law enforcement entities in the present digital era, is fighting against online Child Sexual Abuse (CSA), due in particular to the massive amount of data that they receive for analysis. Pattern recognition system can provide an aid, e.g., to ease the identification of both the perpetrator and the victim of the crime. In particular, ancillary cues related the identity of the involved persons, like age, race or gender, can represent a significant aid for identification. These cues can be estimated using statistical classifiers on face features. In this work, we explore one of these ancillary cues, namely the gender. The research community has provided methods for gender recognition able to achieve good performance with adults. However, in the case of CSA, victims are minors (typically, very young children). Children gender recognition may be difficult even for humans, due to the lack of many gender-specific face traits usually present in adult faces. Totally uncontrolled poses and illumination conditions, that might be found in CSA material, represent an additional issue. We propose to tackle this problem by the use of contextual information to complement face features used by traditional algorithms. In particular, we exploit the image context of the face, that is, the portion of the image surrounding the face. This is motivated by the usage that humans themselves make of face external information, such as the hair or earrings, to take decisions on this task. The proposed approach is tested on a novel data base of faces of children, collected from royalty-free stock-photography web sites, which show totally unconstrained conditions. The reported results are promising and set the way for a deeper study of the use of the face context for estimating ancillary identification cues.

Using a sample of college students, we apply the general theory of crime and the lifestyle/routine activities framework to assess the effects of individual and situational factors on seven types of cybercrime victimization. The results indicate that neither individual nor situational characteristics consistently impacted the likelihood of being victimized in cyberspace. Self-control was significantly related to only two of the seven types of cybercrime victimizations and although five of the coefficients in the routine activity models were significant, all but one of these significant effects were in the opposite direction to that expected from the theory. At the very least, it would appear that other theoretical frameworks should be appealed to in order to explain victimization in cyberspace.

Candice Louw
Sebastiaan H. von Solms

In the past few years, the Online Social Network (OSN) industry has revolutionised the way in which information, often of a personal nature, is stored, shared and accessed by millions of online users. This has been used to the advantage of many individuals and even organisations, but it has also been abused by cyber criminals. We examine a few examples of how cyber criminals have adapted cyber crimes to survive on OSNs and also look at the possible motives of cyber criminals. After investigating some of the concerns that the Internet has introduced to the safety of online user information, we look at the possibility of harnessing the social nature of OSNs to combating cyber crimes through improved user awareness. We conclude by highlighting the fact that the sheer volume of users on OSNs combined with the right security awareness campaign could simplify the task of spreading security-related information - it can be as simple as making a status update from being "uninformed" to "informed".

Mohammed Hussainat

The study aimed identifying the most important computer crimes and Internet in the Jordanian society, has emerged from this main objective questions are: 1) What is the size of the breakthroughs that crimes committed on the Internet? 2) What is the size of the financial crimes committed on the Internet? 3) What is the size of crimes create or attend or participate in the opposition or hostile websites committed on the Internet? 4) What is the size of piracy crimes committed on the Internet? The sample of the study. It consisted of (50) individual youth(Males and Females).Order to answer the first question and the second, third and fourth were used averages and standard deviations and ranks with the aim of identifying the most common Internet crimes. And extract duplicates for the purposes of description of the sample. In light of the results of the study the researcher recommended a series of proposals, it was the most important media awareness, create a specialty of information security, which will provide a dedicated staff continues cyber crimes and suggest solutions studied to reduce them. Besides a deterrent laws that prevent poor souls from committing crimes via the Internet.

Alex Antoniou
Gauri Sinha

This paper concentrates on cyber-pornography/obscenity, which encompasses online publications or distribution of sexually explicit material in breach of the English obscenity and indecency laws. After examining the major deficiencies of the attempts to restrict illegal pornographic representations, the authors aim to highlight that the debate regarding their availability in the Internet era neglects the lucrative nature of the circulation of such material, which can be also targeted through anti-money laundering. Rising profits fuel the need to recycle the money back into the legal financial system, with a view to concealing their illegal origin. Anti-money laundering laws require disclosure of any ¡suspicion¢ related to money laundering, thus opening another door for law enforcement to reach the criminal.

Abdulaziz Alarifi
Holly Tootell
Peter Hyland

Although the Web, cell phone 'apps' and cloud computing put a world of information at our fingertips, that information is under constant threat from cyber vandals and hackers. While awareness of information threats is growing in the Western world, in places like Saudi Arabia, information security is very poor. Unlike Western pluralistic democracies, Saudi Arabia is a highly-censored country, with a patriarchical and tribal culture, which may influence its poor information security rating. This paper examines the level of information security awareness (ISA) among the general public in Saudi Arabia, using an anonymous online survey, based on instruments produced by the Malaysian Cyber Security Organization and KPMG. The survey attracted 633 respondents and the results confirmed that ISA in Saudi Arabia is quite low. Several of the areas of weakness in ISA appear to be related to the level of censorship or the patriarchical and tribal nature of Saudi culture.

Cyber crime used different new methods in modern era. Cyber crime not well defined. It is very typical to identify new types of cyber crime. Cyber crime is defined in proper and standard manner than easy to make cyber laws. This uncertainty makes problem to take decision against criminal. We need to make easy to identify of cyber crime then we punished criminal by new cyber laws. The Experimental Results show identification uncertainty of cyber crime and cyber laws to help best judgments.

Syed Shahabuddin

Computers are becoming more affordable and, therefore, more accessible. This accessibility provides a unique opportunity for potential criminals to commit computer crimes. These crimes could and do cause serious problems for businesses and the society. Therefore, securing computer data should be the top priority of the society. Many security measures along with good legislation could go a long way to help secure the data. Many states have passed legislation to help prevent computer crimes. In addition, there are many hardware and software available to help secure the computer data. All these measures are discussed in this paper.

Yang Ping

In order to define the characteristics of network crime, we studied the type of network crime and explored the great role of the technological possibilities of criminal law in network crime. At present, most network crime concentrates in the theft, fraud, insult, defamation and other traditional crime using computer as a tool. With the international network crime showing the characteristics as sex crime, intellectual property crime and fraud crime, China's network crime also shows the same trend. In this paper, we divided the type of network crime, then, according to the above type, summed up the characteristics of network crime. Based on the above discussion, we studied the network crime in the traditional aspects of criminology.

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